Igenzura ry’imikorere rya PVC ryo mu rwego rw’ibiribwa rikoreshwa na FDA na EU.

Inganda nyinshi zikora ibicuruzwa bya PVC zigamije amasoko ya Amerika n'i Burayi zihura n'ibibazo bikomeye byo kubahiriza amategeko. Nubwo hari ibyemezo byo gupima ibicuruzwa byarangiye, ibyiciro biracyatsindwa mu igenzura rya gasutamo cyangwa bikangwa n'abaguzi bitewe n'ibikoresho bigabanya imikorere bya PVC. Ibibazo byinshi byo kubahiriza amategeko ntibiterwa n'imikorere mibi y'umusaruro, ahubwo biterwa n'ibisobanuro byirengagijwe mu guhitamo ibikoresho bigabanya imikorere, amahame y'ibizamini byo kwimuka, ndetse n'itandukaniro riri hagati y'amabwiriza ya FDA n'ay'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi.

Ibikoresho bipima ibiribwa bya PVC ni byo by’ingenzi bikora neza bishimangira umutekano w’ibiryo bya PVC, impapuro zo gupfunyikamo ibiribwa, n’imiyoboro y’amazi yo kunywa. Bitandukanye n’ibikoresha inganda muri rusange, ibipimo by’ibipimo by’ibiryo bigomba gupimwa cyane kandi bikubahiriza amabwiriza agenga akarere.

Impamvu kubahiriza iyubahirizwa ry’ibipimo by’umutekano bigena uburenganzira bwo guhuza ibiribwa na PVC

Resin ya PVC ubwayo ifite imiterere ihamye kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu bicuruzwa bihuza ibiryo, arikoibintu bitera imbaraga ubushyuheIyongewe mu gihe cyo gutunganya bigira ingaruka ku mutekano wayo. Ibikoresho bisanzwe bipima ibyuma bikomeye bishingiye kuri lisansi, cadmium, bitanga ingaruka nziza zo gutuza ariko birabujijwe burundu ku biryo ku isi yose bitewe n’uburozi buhoraho n’ingaruka zo kwimuka.

KuriIbicuruzwa bya PVC byo mu rwego rwo hejuru rw'ibiribwa, ubuziranenge bw'icyuma gikomeza guhindagurika, ingano y'icyuma kiremereye gisigaye, hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo kwimuka biba ibipimo by'ingenzi by'igenzura. Abagenzuzi n'abaguzi bo mu mahanga ntibakigenzura gusa umutekano w'ibicuruzwa byarangiye; ahubwo bakurikirana iyubahirizwa ry'ibicuruzwa fatizo. Ibi bivuze ko sisitemu zo gukomeza guhindagurika zemewe na FDA na EU gusa ari zo zishobora gushyigikira kohereza ibicuruzwa bya PVC mu mahanga mu gihe kirekire kandi byujuje ibisabwa.

Ibintu bitatu by’ingenzi bya PVC byashyizwe mu bikorwa byagaragaje ko byubahirizwa hakurikijwe imiterere nyayo ya serivisi. Ibikoresho bya PVC bipfunyikamo ibiribwa bikora ku biribwa bishyushye cyane, birimo aside, amavuta, n’ibiryo bishyushye cyane bisaba kugenzura neza ingano y’ibicuruzwa byose byimuka. Filimi zifata ibiryo zibonerana zisaba ubuziranenge buhanitse bwo kwirinda imvura n’umukungugu. Imiyoboro y’ibinyobwa bya PVC yibanda ku bintu by’igihe kirekire byinjira mu mazi, ishyira imbere imikorere ihamye y’ibicuruzwa bifasha mu kurwanya ikwirakwira ry’ibicuruzwa.

Amategeko y'ingirakamaro yubahiriza FDA ku byerekeye ibitera imbaraga bya PVC byo mu rwego rw'ibiribwa

Iyubahirizwa ry’ibicuruzwa bya PVC byo muri Amerika bikoresha ibiribwa rikurikiza amabwiriza ya FDA 21 CFR Igice cya 177 na 178, hamwe n’ibisabwa bisobanutse kandi bikurikizwa ku bwoko bw’ibipimo byemewe byo gupima, imipaka y’ibyuma biremereye, n’ibipimo byo gupima kwimuka. Bitandukanye n’amabwiriza adasobanutse neza y’inganda, amategeko ya FDA agaragaza ibipimo bishobora gupimwa bikwiye gukorwa mu igenzura ry’ibicuruzwa no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga.

Ku bijyanye n'uruhushya rw'ibikoresho, FDA yemerera gusaitera imbaraga zidahumanyasisitemu zirimo ibitera imbaraga za kalisiyumu zinc hamwe n’ibitera imbaraga za organotin byemewe mu gukora PVC ihuye n’ibiribwa. Ibitera imbaraga byose bya heavy metal birimo lead, cadmium, mercure, na hexavalent chromium birabujijwe ku mugaragaro, nta kwihanganira na gato ibyuma biremereye bisigaye mu birungo byarangiye.

Ku bijyanye no gupima abimukira, FDA ishyira ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ibizamini mu byiciro hakurikijwe uburyo bwo kwigana ibiribwa n’ubushyuhe bwa serivisi. Ibiryo by’amazi, ibiryo birimo aside, n’ibiryo birimo amavuta bihuye n’ahantu hatandukanye ho kwigana imiterere y’ibintu bishongesha. Ingano y’imvura ikomeza gushyuha mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe buke n’igihe cy’ubushyuhe bwinshi bigomba kuba byujuje imipaka yagenwe. Byongeye kandi, FDA ishyiraho imipaka ntarengwa y’ibipimo ku bikoresho bikomeza gushyuha mu mafirime ya PVC yoroshye kugira ngo ibiryo bihure, ikarinda ko ikoreshwa ry’inyongera rikabije riteza ingaruka mbi ku mutekano.

Amabwiriza y’Iyubahirizwa ry’Ibikorwa by’Ibiribwa byo mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi n’Ibisabwa mu Buryo

Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi washyizeho uburyo buhamye kandi bwuzuye bwo kubahiriza amategeko kuibikoresho bitanga ubuziranenge bwa PVC, yibanze ku mabwiriza y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi yo mu 10/2011 agenga ibikoresho bya pulasitiki, yiyongereyeho ingingo z’amategeko agenga REACH na RoHS. Ugereranyije n’amahame ya FDA, amategeko y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi ashyiraho imipaka ikomeye ku bisigazwa by’ibyuma biremereye n’ibicuruzwa bisohoka mu buryo butunguranye, bikaba ari byo bishingirwaho cyane mu kugera ku isoko ry’i Burayi ryo ku rwego rwo hejuru.

Igenzura ry’amategeko y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi ryibanda ku bipimo bibiri by’ingenzi: ukwimuka kose n’ukwimuka kw’ibintu byihariye. Ingano yose y’ibintu bikomeza kwimuka mu bihe bidasanzwe ntigomba kurenza urugero rusanzwe, kandi ibintu bibujijwe nka plastike za phthalate na monomer z’uburozi zisigaye mu bikoresho bikomeza kwimuka bigomba kuzuza ibisabwa ku rutonde rw’abakandida ba REACH. Ku miyoboro y’ibinyobwa bya PVC n’ibikoresho bipfunyika ibiribwa mu gihe kirekire, Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi urasaba ko ibizamini byo kwimuka bisaza byihutishwa kugira ngo harebwe ko ibintu bikomeza kwimuka mu gihe kirekire.

Ni ngombwa kumenya ko imisoro n'ubuyobozi bw'isoko by'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi (EU) bikora isuzuma ry'ibikoresho fatizo byiyongera ku igeragezwa ry'ibicuruzwa byarangiye. Nubwo ibicuruzwa byarangiye byatsinda igenzura, ibyiciro by'ibipimo bidashobora guhindagurika bizatuma ibicuruzwa bisubizwa mu gihugu ndetse binahabwe amanota y'ababitanga, bigatera ingaruka mbi z'igihe kirekire ku bucuruzi bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga.

Itandukaniro ry'ingenzi mu kubahiriza amategeko n'inama zifatika zo guhitamo

Inganda nyinshi zivanga amahame ya FDA na EU, bigatuma habaho isuzuma ridasanzwe cyangwa kubahiriza amategeko adahagije. Mu bikorwa nyabyo byo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga, kubahiriza isoko rya Amerika bibanda ku kwemerwa kw'amafimu n'amategeko y'ibanze agenga ibyuma biremereye, mu gihe amasoko ya EU ashimangira kugenzura ibiyobyabwenge bifatika no kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'igihe kirekire.

Ku nganda zohereza mu mahanga ku masoko yombi, gukoresha ibikoresho bipima ibiribwa bya PVC bifite impamyabushobozi ebyiri ni cyo gisubizo gihendutse cyane.Iterambere rya kalisiyumu zinc rikwiyeIbicuruzwa bishobora kuzuza neza amahame ya FDA 21 CFR na EU 10/2011, bifite imiterere idafite icyuma kinini, ihindagurika ry’ikirere rike, kandi bifite imiterere ihamye. Ku bijyanye no gukora filimi ifata ibintu mu mucyo mwinshi, ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe bwinshi birasabwa kugira ngo birinde imvura n’amazi mu gihe bireba ko byubahirizwa. Ku bikoresho bya PVC byo mu miyoboro y’ibinyobwa, uburyo bwo gupima ubushyuhe bwinshi n’igihe kirekire burwanya ihindagurika ry’ikirere bugomba gushyirwa imbere kugira ngo buhuze n’ibihe byo guhura n’amazi buri gihe.

Ikosa rikunze kugaragara mu nganda ni ukwibanda gusa kuri raporo z’ibizamini by’ibicuruzwa byarangiye mu gihe hirengagijwe icyemezo cy’ibikoresho fatizo bihamye. Ibipimo byinshi bihamye bidafite ishingiro byujuje ibipimo fatizo ariko ntibigaragaza ibizamini byo kwimuka, bikaba impamvu ihishe yo kwangwa kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga. Isuzuma rihoraho ry’ibyangombwa by’abatanga ibicuruzwa no gupima ibikoresho fatizo mu byiciro ni ingenzi mu gutuma ubuziranenge bw’ibyangombwa bukomeza.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

1. Ese ibikoresho bigabanya ibiribwa bya PVC bikurikiza amategeko ku isoko rya Amerika n'iry'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi?
Si ibicuruzwa byose bihuriweho n’abantu bose bishyigikira uburyo bwo kubona isoko ry’ibicuruzwa bibiri. Hari ibintu bihuriza hamwe ibintu byujuje ibisabwa na FDA gusa ariko ntibikoreshwe mu gupima ibintu mu buryo buhamye bya EU ndetse no mu gupima ibiyobyabwenge. Ni ngombwa guhitamo ibintu bihuriza hamwe ibintu byemewe na FDA 21 CFR na EU 10/2011.

2. Ese ibyuma bya PVC bifatanye n'ibipfunyika by'ibiribwa bisaba uburyo butandukanye bwo gushimangira?
Yego. Filimi zifata ibintu zisaba ibintu bitanga ubuziranenge bwinshi kandi bitanga urumuri rwinshi, bifite imipaka ikomeye ku bice by'imvura kugira ngo bigaragare neza kandi bigire umutekano mu guhuza ibiryo. Ibikoresho bya PVC bipfunyitse mu buryo rusange bishyirwamo ibiribwa bishyirwa imbere mu buryo buhamye no kugenzura ibiciro, hashingiwe ku buryo bworoshye.

3. Kuki ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa bigikomeza gutsindwa igenzura ry'isoko ry'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi?
Ubugenzuzi bw’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi bukurikirana ingaruka z’umutekano ku nyongeramusaruro z’ibikoresho fatizo. Ibyemezo by’umusaruro byarangiye ntibishobora gukingira ingaruka zo kutubahiriza amategeko y’umusaruro. Ibisigazwa by’umusaruro bitarashyirwa mu bikorwa n’izamuka ry’ibipimo bizatuma igenzura rinanirwa nubwo ibimenyetso by’umusaruro byarangiye ari ibisanzwe.

4. Ese ibintu bitera imbaraga za calcium zinc bitagira ingaruka ku bicuruzwa bya PVC bihuye n'ibiribwa?
Ibikoresho bigabanya uburozi bya kalisiyumu mu rwego rw'ibiribwa byemejwe na FDA na EU ntabwo bifite uburozi kandi byujuje ibisabwa, bikwiranye n'ibintu byose bya PVC byangiritse ku biribwa. Ibikoresho bigabanya uburozi bya kalisiyumu mu rwego rw'inganda biba birimo ibisigazwa by'umwanda kandi birabujijwe cyane gukoreshwa mu gutera uburozi ku biribwa.

5. Ni kangahe abakora bagomba kuvugurura raporo z'ibizamini byo kubahiriza amategeko agenga ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'igenzura ry'ibiciro?
Amategeko agenga ibiribwa byo mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’uburayi na Amerika avugururwa ku buryo budakurikije amategeko. Ni byiza kuvugurura raporo z’amategeko agenga iyubahirizwa ry’ibikomoka ku bimera buri myaka 1-2 no gukora ibizamini by’ingero z’ibikomoka ku bimera bishya kugira ngo hirindwe ko amategeko atubahirije amategeko aterwa no kuvugururwa cyangwa kuvugurura imiterere y’ibikomoka ku bimera.