Uruhare rwa PVC Stabilizers mu Gutunganya Inshinge no Gukora Ingufu

Gutera inshinge ni imwe mu nzira zikoreshwa mu gukora ibintu byinshi kandi binozeIbikoresho bya PVC (polyvinyl chloride), bigatuma habaho imiterere igoye kandi ihamye—kuva ku bice by'imodoka n'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi kugeza ku bikoresho by'ubuvuzi n'ibikoresho byo mu rugo. Nyamara, imiterere ya molekile ya PVC itera imbogamizi idasanzwe mu gihe cyo kuyitunganya: ntabwo ihindagurika cyane iyo ihuye n'ubushyuhe bwinshi (ubusanzwe 160–220°C) n'imbaraga zo gukata ziboneka mu gushushanya inshinge. Iyo PVC idahamye neza, izangirika, bigatuma ihinduka ibara (rihinduka umuhondo cyangwa umukara), imiterere ya mekanike igabanuka, ndetse no kurekura ibintu byangiza. Aha niho ibintu bihamye bya PVC byinjira nk'intwari zitazwi, bitarinda gusa kwangirika ahubwo binanoza imikorere yo gutunganya no kwemeza ko umusaruro wa nyuma wujuje ibisabwa by'ubuziranenge. Muri iyi blog, tuzareba uruhare runini rwa PVC mu gushushanya inshinge, dusuzume ubwoko busanzwe, kandi turebe uburyo bigira ingaruka ku bipimo by'ingenzi byo gutunganya no gukora umusaruro w'inyongera.

Kugira ngo wumve impamvu ibintu bitera imbaraga bidashoboka ku bijyanye no gushushanya PVC, ni ngombwa kubanza gusobanukirwa impamvu nyamukuru yo kudahinduka kwa PVC. PVC ni polymer ya vinyl ikorwa na polymerization ya vinyl chloride monomers, kandi uruhererekane rwayo rwa molekile rugizwe n'imigozi idakomeye ya chlorine-carbon. Iyo ishyushye ku bushyuhe busabwa mu gushushanya inshinge, iyi migozi irasenyuka, bigatangira kwangirika k'uruhererekane. Iyi nzira, izwi nka dehydrochlorination, isohora gaze ya hydrogen chloride (HCl) - ikintu cyangiza cyane kirushaho kwihutisha kwangirika no kwangiza ibikoresho byo gushushanya. Byongeye kandi, dehydrochlorination ituma habaho imigozi ibiri ihuriweho mu ruhererekane rwa PVC, bigatuma ibikoresho bihinduka umuhondo, hanyuma bikamera nk'umukara, amaherezo bigacika intege. Ku bikoresho bitera imbaraga, ibi bivuze ibice byatakaye, kwiyongera kw'ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga, no kutubahiriza amategeko y'umutekano n'ubuziranenge. Ibikoresho bitera imbaraga bihagarika uru rugendo rwo kwangirika binyuze mu kwinjiza HCl, kugabanya aside, cyangwa gukuraho radicals zigenga ziyobora uruhererekane - zirinda neza PVC mu gihe cyo gutunganya no kongera igihe cyo kuyikoresha.

Si byoseIbintu bishyigikira PVCbiremwa bingana, kandi guhitamo ubwoko bukwiye bwo gushushanya hakoreshejwe inshinge biterwa n'ibintu bitandukanye: ubushyuhe bwo gutunganya, igihe cyo gukora, imiterere y'ibumba, ibisabwa ku bicuruzwa bya nyuma (urugero: gukora ku biribwa, kwirinda imirasire y'izuba), n'amabwiriza agenga ibidukikije. Hasi hari incamake y'ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bifasha mu gushushanya hakoreshejwe inshinge, uburyo bikoreshwa, n'ibyiza n'ibibi by'ingenzi mu gutunganya:

Mu rwego rw'amategeko y'iki gihe, abayobozi n'Ibikoresho bitera imbaraga bya Ba-CdByakuweho cyane cyane uburyo bwo gukoresha organotin na Ca-Zn, cyane cyane ku bikoresho bikoreshwa n'abaguzi ndetse n'ibikoreshwa mu buvuzi. Ku bikoresho bikoresha inshinge, iyi mpinduka yasobanuye ko hagomba kumenyera imiterere yihariye yo gutunganya ibi bikoresho bihamye—urugero, guhindura ubushyuhe cyangwa igihe cyo gukora kugira ngo habeho ubushyuhe buke bwa Ca-Zn, cyangwa kuringaniza ikiguzi n'imikorere mu gihe ukoresha organotin.

Ingaruka z'ibikoresho bitera imbaraga ku mikorere ya PVC mu gushushanya inshinge zirenze kure gukumira kwangirika gusa. Bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bipimo by'ingenzi byo gutunganya nk'ikimenyetso cy'amazi ashonga, igihe cyo kuzenguruka, kuzuza ibishingwe, n'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu - byose bigira ingaruka ku musaruro n'ubwiza bw'igice. Reka dusesengure izi ngaruka dukurikije uko ibintu bimeze mu buzima busanzwe: urugero, amazi ashonga ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo PVC yuzuze imyobo ikomeye y'ibishingwe ku buryo bungana kandi nta nenge nk'amafoto magufi cyangwa imirongo yo gusudira. Ibikoresho bitera imbaraga bya Organotin, bitewe n'uko bifite ingano nto kandi bihuye neza na PVC, bigira ingaruka nke kuri MFI, bigatuma amazi ashonga atembera neza ndetse no mu bice bifite inkuta nto cyangwa mu buryo bugoye.Ibitera imbaraga bya Ca-ZnKu rundi ruhande, bishobora kongera gato ubushyuhe bwo gushonga (cyane cyane iyo bipimwe cyane), bigasaba abakora imashini guhindura umuvuduko cyangwa ubushyuhe kugira ngo bakomeze gutembera neza. Iki ni ikintu cy'ingenzi cyo kwitabwaho iyo uvuye kuri organotine ujya kuri Ca-Zn kugira ngo hubahirizwe amategeko—guhindura ibintu bito ujya kuri parameters zo gutunganya bishobora kugira itandukaniro rikomeye mu bwiza bw'igice.

Igihe cyo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri ni ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi ku bikoresho bikoresha inshinge, kuko bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku musaruro. Ibikoresho bikomeza ubushyuhe cyane, nka organotines cyangwa lead (nubwo ubu bito), bituma igihe cyo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri kiba gito binyuze mu gutuma ubushyuhe bwinshi butunganywa butangirika. Ubushyuhe bwinshi bugabanya ubushyuhe bushonga, byihutisha kuzuza ibishingwe, kandi bikagabanya igihe cyo gukonjesha—byose byongera umusaruro. Ku rundi ruhande, ibikoresho bikomeza ubushyuhe buke, nka Ca-Zn, bishobora gusaba igihe kirekire cyo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri kugira ngo hirindwe ubushyuhe bwinshi, ariko ubu buryo bukunze kwemezwa n'inyungu zabyo ku bidukikije no kubahiriza amategeko. Ibikoresho bishobora kugabanya ibi binyuze mu kunoza ibindi bipimo, nko gukoresha ibikoresho bigenzura ubushyuhe bw'ibishingwe cyangwa guhindura umuvuduko wa vis kugira ngo bigabanye ubushyuhe buterwa no gukaraba.

Gukomera kw'isukari nabyo ni ikintu cy'ingenzi cyo kwitabwaho, cyane cyane ku buryo bwo gushushanya inshinge zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi wa screw. Imbaraga zo gukata zitanga ubushyuhe bwiyongereye mu gushonga kwa PVC, byongera ibyago byo kwangirika. Ibikoresho bikomeza gushonga bishobora kwihanganira gushonga cyane—nk'ibimera bivanze na Ca-Zn bitanga umusaruro mwinshi—bifasha mu kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw'isukari muri ibi bihe, bikarinda ibara no kwemeza ko ibice bihorana imiterere ihamye. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ibitera imbaraga zo gushonga bike bishobora kwangirika iyo bikozwe cyane, bigatera gushonga gutandukanye no kugira inenge nko ku buso cyangwa imbaraga z'imbere.

Imikorere y'umusaruro ishingiye ku guhitamo umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi. Urugero, ibikoresho bya PVC byo hanze (urugero, ibikoresho byo mu busitani, ibipfundikizo byo hanze) bisaba ibintu bifasha mu kubungabunga imirasire y'izuba kugira ngo birinde kwangirika kw'izuba. Ibintu byinshi bifasha mu kubungabunga imirasire y'izuba bya Ca-Zn na organotin bishobora gukorwa hifashishijwe ibintu bifasha mu kubungabunga imirasire y'izuba cyangwa ibifasha mu kubungabunga imirasire y'izuba bya amine (HALS) kugira ngo byongere ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ikirere. Ku bikoresho bya PVC bikomeye nk'imiyoboro cyangwa amashanyarazi, ibintu bifasha mu kubungabunga imirasire y'izuba byongera imbaraga n'ubudahangarwa bw'ingufu ni ingenzi cyane. Organotin, by'umwihariko, izwiho kubungabunga imiterere ya PVC ikomeye mu gihe cyo kuyitunganya, igenzura ko ibice bishobora kwihanganira imihangayiko no kugumana imiterere yabyo uko igihe kigenda gihita.

Ikoreshwa ry’ibiryo mu gufatana n’ibiribwa cyangwa mu buvuzi risaba ibintu bigabanya uburozi kandi byujuje ibisabwa ku rwego rw’isi. Ibipimo bigabanya ubushyuhe bya Ca-Zn ni byo bipimo ngenderwaho hano, kuko nta byuma bikomeye bifite kandi byujuje ibisabwa mu mutekano. Organotines nazo zikoreshwa muri bimwe mu bikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe mu kurya, ariko ni ubwoko bwihariye gusa (urugero: methyltin, butyltin) bwemewe gukoreshwa muri ubwo buryo. Abakora muri izi nzego bagomba kugenzura neza niba uburyo bwabo bwo gufatana n’ibiribwa bukurikiza amategeko kugira ngo birinde ibibazo by’amategeko kandi barebe neza umutekano w’abaguzi.

Iyo uhisemoPVC stabilizer yo gukoresha mu gushushanya inshinge, hari ibintu byinshi by'ingenzi ugomba kuzirikana uretse ubwoko n'imikorere gusa. Kuba ibintu bihuye n'ibindi bivange ni ingenzi cyane—ibinyabutabire bya PVC akenshi biba birimo pulasitiki, amavuta, ibirungo, n'amabara, kandi ibirungo bigomba gukorana neza n'ibi bice. Urugero, amavuta amwe ashobora kugabanya ubushobozi bw'ibirungo bitera imbaraga binyuze mu gukora uruzitiro hagati y'ibirungo bitera imbaraga n'amabara ya PVC, bityo ababumba bashobora gukenera guhindura urwego rw'amavuta cyangwa bagahitamo ibirungo bitera imbaraga bihuye neza. Igipimo ni ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi: gukoresha ibirungo bike cyane bizatuma hatabaho uburinzi budahagije no kwangirika, mu gihe gukoresha byinshi bishobora gutuma habaho indabyo (aho ibirungo bitera imbaraga byimukira ku buso bw'igice) cyangwa bikagabanya imiterere ya mekanike. Abakora ibirungo benshi batanga ingano y'ibipimo byatanzwe hashingiwe ku bwoko bwa PVC (ikomeye ugereranyije n'ihindagurika) n'imiterere yo gutunganya, kandi ni ngombwa gukurikiza aya mabwiriza mu gihe cyo gukora igerageza kugira ngo kunoze imikorere.

Imiterere y’ibidukikije n’amategeko agenga ibidukikije nayo arimo gushyiraho ahazaza h’ibikoresho bitera imbaraga bya PVC byo gushushanya. Guharanira ibidukikije ku isi byatumye hakenerwa ibikoresho bitera imbaraga bishingiye ku binyabuzima cyangwa bishobora kubora, nubwo bikiri mu ntangiriro z’iterambere. Byongeye kandi, amategeko abuza ikoreshwa ry’imiti imwe n’imwe (urugero, REACH muri EU) arimo gutuma habaho udushya mu gukora imiti yizewe kandi itangiza ibidukikije. Abakora ibikoresho byo gushushanya bagomba kumenya neza iyi miterere kugira ngo barebe ko ibikorwa byabo bikomeza kubahiriza amategeko kandi bihangana. Urugero, guhindura ibikoresho bitera imbaraga bya Ca-Zn ubu bishobora gufasha kwirinda ihungabana mu gihe amabwiriza akaze kuri organotines azashyirwa mu bikorwa mu gihe kizaza.

Kugira ngo tugaragaze ingaruka nyazo zo guhitamo imashini ihamye, reka turebere hamwe inyigo: imashini ikora ibikoresho bikomeye by'amashanyarazi bya PVC binyuze mu gushushanya inshinge yahuraga n'umuhondo w'ibice n'umuvuduko mwinshi w'ibisigazwa. Iperereza rya mbere ryagaragaje ko imashini ikoresha imashini ihamye ya Ba-Cd ihendutse, itari ikurikije gusa amabwiriza y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi ahubwo inarinda PVC ku bushyuhe bwinshi bwo kuyitunganya (200°C) busabwa mu gushushanya imashini igoye. Nyuma yo guhindura imashini ihamye ya organotin, ikibazo cy'umuhondo cyarakuweho, igipimo cy'ibisigazwa cyaragabanutseho 35%, kandi ibice byujuje ibisabwa by'umutekano bya EU. Imashini ikoze imashini yanabonye ko amazi yashongeshejwe yarushijeho kuba meza, byagabanyije umuvuduko wo kuyitera kandi bigabanya igihe cyo kuyitera ho 10%, byongera umusaruro muri rusange. Mu rundi rugero, uruganda rukora ibikoresho bya PVC byo mu rwego rwo hejuru rwahinduye imashini ihamye ya Ca-Zn kugira ngo yuzuze ibisabwa na FDA. Nubwo bagombaga guhindura ubushyuhe bwo gutunganya ibintu gato (babugabanya kuva kuri 195°C kugeza kuri 185°C) kugira ngo bakomeze kugira ubusugire, switch yari imeze neza kandi nta ngaruka nyinshi yagize ku gihe cy’urugendo, kandi ibice byagumanye ubuziranenge n’imiterere yabyo.

Ibikoresho bikomeza PVC ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo ibikoresho bikoreshwe mu gutera inshinge bigire akamaro, bikaba birinda kwangirika no gutuma habaho imikorere myiza. Guhitamo ibikoresho bikomeza inshinge - byaba organotin, Ca-Zn, cyangwa ubundi bwoko - bigomba guhindurwa hakurikijwe imiterere yihariye yo gutunganya, ibisabwa ku musaruro wa nyuma, n'amabwiriza agenga. Abakora ibikoresho bashora igihe mu guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye bikomeza inshinge no kunoza ibipimo byo gutunganya hashingiwe kuri iryo hitamo bazungukira ku gipimo gito cy'ibisigazwa, umusaruro mwinshi, n'ibice byiza byujuje ibisabwa mu mutekano no mu mikorere. Uko inganda zikomeza gutera imbere zigana ku burambe n'amabwiriza akomeye, kugumana amakuru ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rituma ibikoresho bikomeza inshinge n'imigendekere myiza bizaba ingenzi mu gukomeza guhangana. Waba ukora ibice bikomeye cyangwa byoroshye bya PVC, bikoreshwa n'abaguzi cyangwa n'inganda, ibikoresho bikwiye bikomeza inshinge ni ryo shingiro ry'uburyo bwiza bwo gukora ibikoresho.