Guhitamo PVC Stabilizers kugira ngo ikore neza mu gusohora imiyoboro no mu buryo bwo kuyikoresha

Injira mu iduka iryo ari ryo ryose ry’ubwubatsi cyangwa iduka ritunganya amazu, uzasangamo PVC ahantu hose—kuva ku miyoboro itwara amazi mu nyubako kugeza ku madirishya agaragara ku buryo tubona ibintu. Icyo abantu benshi batazi ni uko iyi thermoplastic ikoreshwa cyane bitewe n’intwari ituje: PVC stabilizers. Ku bijyanye no gusohora, cyane cyane guhitamo neza.PVC itera imbaragasi ikibazo cyo kuzuza gusa ibipimo by'umusaruro; ni itandukaniro riri hagati y'umusaruro uramba kandi wujuje ibisabwa n'uwangiritse imburagihe.

Ubwa mbere, reka dusobanukirwe impamvu ibitera imbaraga bidashoboka kungurana ibitekerezo ku bijyanye no gusohora PVC. Bitandukanye n'izindi thermoplastics, PVC ifite agatsinsino ka Achilles: ubushyuhe budakomera neza. Iyo ishyushye kugeza ku bushyuhe bwa 160–200°C busanzwe bukoreshwa mu gusohora - cyane cyane ku bicuruzwa bikomeye nk'imiyoboro - PVC itangira kurekura hydrogène chloride (HCl). Ibi bitera kwangirika k'uruhererekane, bigatera ibara (tekereza nk'umuhondo, hanyuma ikagira umukara, hanyuma ikagira umukara) ndetse n'igabanuka rikomeye ry'imbaraga za mekanike. Iyo idagenzuwe, ibikoresho biba bibi kandi bidakoreshwa, tutibagiwe n'ibikoresho byangiza gazi ya HCl. Aho niho ibitera imbaraga bya PVC binjira. Akazi kabo k'ingenzi ni uguhagarika iyi gahunda yo kwangirika - haba mu gufunga HCl, gusimbuza atome za chlorine zidahamye mu muyoboro wa molekile wa PVC, cyangwa gufata radicals yihuta yihutisha kwangirika. Ku miyoboro n'imiterere yayo, bisaba kuramba igihe kirekire (akenshi imyaka irenga 50 ku miyoboro y'amazi) no gukora neza, ibitera imbaraga bikwiye si inyongera gusa; ni igice cy'ibanze cy'iyi formulaire.

Ku bijyanye no gusohora, si ibintu byose bitera imbaraga bya PVC bingana. Amahitamo ashingiye ku bintu nk'ubushyuhe bwo gutunganya, ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa, ibisabwa n'amategeko, n'igiciro. Reka turebe ubwoko busanzwe bukoreshwa mu gukora imiyoboro n'imiyoboro, hamwe n'ibyiza byabyo, ibibi byabyo, n'ikoreshwa ryabyo ryiza:

Ibintu bitera imbaraga bishingiye ku ruzigakuva kera byakoreshejwe mu nganda, cyane cyane ku miyoboro ikomeye ya PVC n'imiterere yayo. Ibyiza byayo bishingiye ku bushyuhe burambye, kwihangana cyane mu kirere, no ku giciro gito. Ibinyabutabire nka tribasic lead sulfate cyangwa dibasic lead phosphite bikunze gukoreshwa mu buryo bumwe burimo amavuta, bigatuma byoroha kwinjira mu buryo bwo gusohora. Ku bintu bidakoresha ikoranabuhanga, bidakoresha amashanyarazi cyangwa imiterere y'ibiryo—nk'imiyoboro yo gusohora amazi cyangwa imiterere y'imbere mu nzu—ibitera imbaraga bishingiye ku bushobozi bwo gusimbuza amashanyarazi byakunze kuba amahitamo meza. Ariko, iminsi yabyo irabaze mu turere twinshi. Amategeko akaze nka REACH na RoHS abuza cyangwa abuza inyongera zishingiye ku bushobozi bwo gusimbuza amashanyarazi bitewe n'ibibazo by'ibidukikije n'ubuzima. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abakora ibintu barimo kugenda bahitamo ibindi bintu, cyane cyane ku bicuruzwa bigurishwa mu Muryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, n'andi masoko agenzurwa.

Ibitera imbaraga mu gukamura calcium-zinc (Ca-Zn)Byagaragaye nk'uburyo bwiza bwo gusimbura icyuma gihumanya ibidukikije aho kuba icyuma cy'ubutare. Ibi bintu bidafite uburozi, bidafite icyuma cy'ubutare ubu ni byo bisanzwe mu bikorwa byinshi byo gusohora amazi, harimo imiyoboro y'amazi yo kunywa n'imyobo yo hanze. Ibikoresho bigezweho byo gusiga Ca-Zn, bikunze gukorwa nk'uburyo buvanze, bitanga ubushyuhe buhamye iyo bihujwe n'inyongeramusaruro nka epoxides cyangwa fosfites. Urugero, Ca-Zn ikora neza cyane (nk'urwego rwa RJ-702 rukoreshwa muri bimwe mu bicuruzwa) kuri 3.5 phr (ibice kuri 100 resin) ishobora gukumira umuhondo nubwo haba hari ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gusohora amazi. Kimwe mu byiza by'ingenzi bya Ca-Zn bigabanya ubutare ni uko bihura n'ibikoresho bya pulasitiki bitagira ingaruka ku bidukikije nka DOTP, bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu guhaza ibisabwa na VOC nkeya n'ibidahumanya. Ariko, bifite imbogamizi: sisitemu gakondo za Ca-Zn zishobora guhangana n'ubushyuhe burambye ku gice cyo hejuru cy'ubushyuhe bwo gusohora amazi (hejuru ya 190°C) kandi bishobora gusaba amavuta yo kwisiga neza kugira ngo hirindwe ibibazo nko gushyiramo plate cyangwa imiterere mibi y'ubuso. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, iterambere mu gukora imvange—nk'iyo kongeramo ibice bihuza—ryatumye Ca-Zn stabilizers zikora neza zikwiriye ibikorwa byo gusohora ibintu bikomeye.

Ibitera imbaraga bya organotinni amahitamo meza ku bikorwa aho ubuziranenge n'imikorere myiza bidashoboka kuganirwaho. Ibinyabutabire nka methyltin cyangwa octyltin bitanga ubushyuhe buhamye cyane, ubwisanzure buhebuje, kandi ntibishobora kwimuka cyane, bigatuma biba byiza ku miyoboro ya PVC igaragara cyangwa imiyoboro yihariye. Nanone byubahiriza FDA, niyo mpamvu bikoreshwa mu miyoboro ya PVC ihuza ibiribwa, nubwo igiciro cyabyo kiri hejuru kigabanya ikoreshwa ryabyo mu gukora imiyoboro isanzwe n'imiyoboro. Ku bikorwa byo gusohora bisaba uburyo bunini bwo gutunganya (ni ukuvuga, ubwisanzure mu kugenzura ubushyuhe), ibintu bitera imbaraga bya organotin biragoye kubitsinda. Ariko, igiciro cyabyo - akenshi inshuro 3-5 z'uburyo bwa lead cyangwa Ca-Zn - bivuze ko akenshi bigenerwa ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye aho kuba imiyoboro cyangwa imiyoboro y'ibicuruzwa.

Kugira ngo dufashe kwiyumvisha imikoranire, dore igereranya ryihuse ry'ubwoko butatu bw'ingenzi bw'ibikoresho byo gushimangira ikoreshwa ry'ibicuruzwa byo mu bwoko bwa extrusion:

Noneho, reka tujye ku ruhande rw'ingirakamaro: uburyo bwo guhitamo umuyoboro uhamye wa PVC ukwiye mu gikorwa cyawe cyo gusohora, waba urimo gukora imiyoboro cyangwa porofayiro. Intambwe ya mbere ni uguhuza amahitamo yawe n'ibisabwa n'amategeko. Niba urimo kugurisha mu muryango w'ubumwe bw'ibihugu by'Uburayi, Amerika ya Ruguru, cyangwa andi masoko akomeye, umuyoboro uhamye ushingiye kuri lead ntabwo ukoreshwa—tangira ukoreshe Ca-Zn cyangwa organotin. Ku miyoboro y'amazi yo kunywa, uzakenera kandi kugenzura ko wujuje ibisabwa nka NSF/ANSI 61, itegeka ko inyongeramusaruro zitimuka cyane.

Hanyuma, tekereza ku buryo bwo gutunganya. Imiyoboro ya PVC ikomeye ikenera ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gusohora (180–200°C) kurusha izindi porogaramu nyinshi, bityo uzakenera sitabilizer ifite ubushyuhe bukomeye. Sisitemu ya Ca-Zn ivanze ifite epoxide synergists cyangwa sitabilizer ya organotin ifite ubushobozi bwo gukosora yaba amahitamo meza hano kuruta uruvange rw'ibanze rwa Ca-Zn. Niba umurongo wawe wo gusohora ugenda ku muvuduko mwinshi cyangwa ufite igihe cyo guhagarara kenshi, shakisha sitabilizer itanga amavuta meza (kugabanya gukururana no kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe) hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo kurinda igihe cyo guhagarara. Urugero, zimwe mu formulaire za Ca-Zn zagenewe gukumira kubora kw'ingufu mu gihe cyo guhagarara igihe kirekire - ni ingenzi cyane mu kwirinda isuku ihenze n'inenge z'ibicuruzwa.

Ibisabwa mu mikorere y'ibicuruzwa ni ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi. Imiterere yo hanze ikenera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imirasire ya UV kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibara ry'urumuri rihinduka cyangwa kwangirika kw'izuba, bityo hitamo ipaki ikoresha uburyo bwo kwirinda imirasire ya UV (nka benzotriazoles) cyangwa uburyo bwo kwirinda imirasire ya amine (HALS). Ku miyoboro izajya itwara amazi yangiza (nk'imiyoboro y'amazi yo mu nganda), uburyo bwo kwirinda imirasire bufite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda imiti—nk'uburyo bwa Ca-Zn bushingiye ku ruziga cyangwa uburyo bwo gukora neza—bizaba ngombwa. Imiterere ikoresha uburyo bwo kwirinda imirasire ya UV, ku rundi ruhande, isaba ubushobozi bwo kwirinda imirasire ya UV idahindura imiterere y'urumuri, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza organotin cyangwa uburyo bwihariye bwo kwirinda imirasire ya Ca-Zn.

Igiciro ni ikintu cyo kwitabwaho buri gihe, ariko ni ngombwa kuringaniza ibiciro by’ibanze n’imikorere y’igihe kirekire. Nubwo ibipimo by’ubudahangarwa bishingiye ku ruzitiro bihendutse, ikiguzi cyo kutubahiriza amategeko (amande, gusubiza ibicuruzwa inyuma) cyangwa kwangirika kw’izina bishobora kuruta cyane amafaranga yagabanutse. Ibipimo by’ubudahangarwa bya Ca-Zn bitanga umwanya mwiza ku bikorwa byinshi: bihendutse kurusha organotin kandi byubahiriza amategeko mpuzamahanga. Inganda nyinshi zisa n’aho gushora imari mu gipimo cy’ubudahangarwa cya Ca-Zn gifite ubuziranenge buhanitse ikiguzi rusange cy’umusaruro binyuze mu kugabanya inenge (nk’ibara ry’umuhondo cyangwa ibice bicikagurika) no kunoza imikorere myiza.

Kugira ngo dugaragaze aya mahame mu bikorwa, reka turebe urugero rw'ibintu bifatika: gukora imiyoboro y'amazi yo kunywa. Intego hano ni ugukora umuyoboro udafite uburozi, uramba, kandi wujuje ibisabwa na NSF/ANSI 61. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora bushobora kuba burimo: 100 phr PVC-SG5 resin, 35 phr DOTP (plasticizer irinda ibidukikije), 3.5 phr composite Ca-Zn stabilizer (urwego rwo hejuru rw'imikorere), 20 phr coated calcium carbonate (filler), na 0.3 phr EVA (compatibilizer). Composite Ca-Zn stabilizer itanga ubushyuhe buhagije kugira ngo ihangane no gusohoka kuri 185–195°C, mu gihe DOTP na EVA bitanga uburyo bwiza bwo gushonga no guhuza. Umusaruro ni umuyoboro wujuje ibisabwa byose by'umutekano, ufite ubuso bworoshye, kandi ugakomeza imiterere yawo mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo.

Urugero rundi ni ugusohora idirishya hanze. Izi porogaramu zigomba kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi buturuka hanze ndetse no kwangirika k'imirasire ya UV igihe kirekire. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora isuzuma bukoresha Ca-Zn stabilizer ivanze n'ibikoresho bigabanya UV na HALS. Ipaki yo gukora isuzuma igamije gukumira kwangirika k'ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo gusohora (170–185°C) no gusaza buhoro buhoro bitewe na UV. Kongeramo igice cy'amavuta muri iyo sitabilizer bifasha kunoza urujya n'uruza rw'amazi no kugabanya gushwanyagurika, bigatuma porogaramu zifite imiterere ihamye n'ubuso burabagirana. Iyi porogaramu yujuje ibisabwa na REACH kandi igenzura ko ubwo buryo butazaba umuhondo cyangwa ngo bukomere nubwo haba hashize imyaka myinshi bushyizwe ku zuba.

Hanyuma, ni ngombwa kumenya ko amahitamo meza yo gushimangira ibintu akenshi aba akubiyemo gukorana n'umucuruzi wemewe. Buri murongo wo gusohora ibintu ni umwihariko—ibikoresho bitandukanye, amanota ya resin, n'ibipimo byo gutunganya ibintu bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mikorere yabyo. Umucuruzi mwiza azakorana nawe kugira ngo ahuze ipaki yabyo ijyanye n'ibyo ukeneye byihariye, atange impapuro z'amakuru ya tekiniki (TDS) n'ubufasha aho ukorera. Bashobora kandi kugufasha kunyura mu buryo bugoye bw'amategeko, bakareba neza ko ibicuruzwa byawe byujuje ibisabwa byose byo mu gihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga.

Ibikoresho bihoraho bya PVC ni intwari zitavugwaho rumwe mu gutunganya imiyoboro n'imiterere yayo. Bihindura resin idahindagurika mu bushyuhe ikaba ibikoresho biramba kandi bifite umwihariko mu bwubatsi bugezweho. Mu guhitamo ibihoraho bya PVC mu gutunganya imiyoboro, shyira imbaraga ku kubahiriza amategeko, imiterere yo gutunganya imiyoboro, ibisabwa mu mikorere y'ibicuruzwa, n'igiciro gikwiye. Ku bikorwa byinshi muri iki gihe, ibikoresho bihoraho bya Ca-Zn bitanga uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza imikorere, kubahiriza amategeko, n'agaciro. Mu gusobanukirwa ibyo ukeneye no gukorana n'umucuruzi wizeye, ushobora kwemeza ko inzira yawe yo gutunganya imiyoboro igenda neza, ibicuruzwa byawe byujuje ibisabwa byo hejuru, kandi abakiriya bawe bakabona kuramba nk'uko babyiteze.