Ibikoresho bitera imbaraga PVC bitanga insinga n'insinga zizewe mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi

Mu rwego rw'ibikorwa remezo by'amashanyarazi, Cable PVC izwi cyane nk'igikoresho gikunzwe cyane mu gukingira no gutwikira. Gukundwa kwayo guturuka ku byiza byinshi, birimo ubushobozi bwiza bwo gukingira amashanyarazi, kudakoresha umuriro, kudakoresha imiti, no kugabanya ikiguzi. Ariko, iyi polymer ifite imbogamizi zikomeye: ishobora kwangirika mu bushyuhe iyo ihuye n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gutunganya extrusion (ubusanzwe kuva kuri 170–180 °C) ndetse no gukora igihe kirekire.

Aha nihoIbikoresho Bidahungabanya Imiterere bya PVCkuriInsinga n'InsingaInjira nk'ibice by'ingenzi. Izi nyongeramusaruro zifite intego ebyiri: ntizirinda gusa kurekurwa kwa hydrogen chloride (HCl) mu gihe cyo gutunganya, ahubwo zinarinda Cable PVC gusaza, izuba ryinshi, n'isuri y'ibidukikije. Mu kubikora, bishimangira ko insinga z'amashanyarazi zizewe kandi zikaramba, ari zo zitanga ingufu ku nyubako z'abaturage, inganda, n'imishinga y'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa.

Iterambere rya PVC Stabilizers rishingiye ku Mategeko agenga ibidukikije

Akamaro k'ibikoresho bikomeza ubushyuhe bya PVC mu nsinga z'amashanyarazi karenze kure uburinzi bw'ubushyuhe gusa. Mu ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi, ndetse no kwangirika gato kwa PVC ya Cable bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi, nko kwangirika k'ubushyuhe, imiyoboro migufi, cyangwa ndetse n'ibyago by'inkongi y'umuriro. Kubera ko amategeko mpuzamahanga agenga ibidukikije agenda arushaho gukomera, imiterere y'ahoIbikoresho bitera imbaraga bya PVC ku nsinga n'insingaImpinduka zikomeye zabaye. Inganda zirimo kuva ku miti gakondo y’uburozi zijya ku yindi miti irinda ibidukikije ifite uburinganire hagati y’imikorere, umutekano, n’iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko.

Ingingo z'ingenzi z'amategeko zagize uruhare runini muri iri hinduka. Amabwiriza ya REACH y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, Gahunda y'imyaka itanu y'Ubushinwa ku nganda zitunganya pulasitiki, hamwe n'amabwiriza yo mu karere nka AS/NZS 3,808 byose byihutishije ikurwaho ry'ibipimo by'ubutare bushingiye kuri lead na cadmium. Ibi byatumye abakora ubucuruzi bashora imari mu bisubizo birambye kandi birambye byo kubungabunga ubutare.

Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bihamye bya PVC bikoreshwa mu guhagarara kw'ibintu bisanzwe n'ibishya

•Ibikoresho Bidahindura Kalisiyumu-Zinc (Ca/Zn)

Ibikoresho bitera imbaraga mu gushimangira calcium-zinc (Ca/Zn)Byagaragaye nk'uburyo busanzwe bworohereza ibidukikije bwo gukoresha Cable PVC, bungana na 42% by'ubushobozi bwo gukora ku isi mu 2025. Kwemerwa kwabyo gukwirakwira bitewe n'uko bidafite uburozi, kubahiriza amahame agenga imikorere y'ibiribwa n'amashanyarazi, hamwe n'uburyo bwihariye bwo gukorana.

Isabune ya zinkiKubuza ibara rya mbere rihinduka binyuze mu gukorana na allyl chloride ku minyururu ya PVC, mu gihe amasabune ya kalisiyumu akuramo zinc chloride byproducts kugira ngo hirindwe ko HCl isohoka. Uku guhuza kw'ibintu bikomeza kwiyongera bitewe n'ibintu bitera imbaraga nka polyols na β-diketones, bigatuma ubushyuhe bwabyo buhagarara neza nk'ubw'umunyu gakondo wa lead.

Ariko, sisitemu ya Ca/Zn nayo ifite ingorane. Ikenera inshuro 1.5 kugeza kuri 2 z'umunyu wa lisansi kandi ikunda kurabya—ubusembwa bwo hejuru bushobora kwangiza imikorere ya Cable PVC. Ku bw'amahirwe, iterambere riherutse gukorwa mu guhindura nano, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nka graphene na nano-silica, ryagabanyije ibi bibazo neza. Ubu bushya bwazamuye ubushyuhe burambyeIbitera imbaraga bya Ca/Znkugeza kuri 90% by'umunyu wa lisansi kandi ubudahangarwa bw'imyanda bwarushijeho kwiyongera kugeza ku nshuro eshatu.

•Ibitera imbaraga bya Organotin

Ibikoresho bifasha mu kubungabunga ibidukikije bya Organotin bigumana umwanya w'ingenzi mu gukoresha PVC ikoreshwa cyane, cyane cyane aho bikenewe ko habaho ubwisanzure no kudakoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ibikoresho nka dioctyl tin maleate na tin mercaptoacetate birakora cyane mu gusimbuza atome za chlorine zidahindagurika mu minyururu ya PVC binyuze mu guhuza atome za sulfur, bigahagarika neza ikorwa rya polyenes zivanze zitera ibara.

Kuba bihuye neza na Cable PVC bitanga ubusobanuro budasanzwe, bigatuma biba byiza cyane ku nsinga z'ubuvuzi, ku buryo zibonerana, ndetse n'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bifite ubuhanga bwo hejuru. Byemejwe na FDA yo muri Amerika kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu gusana ibiryo kandi byujuje ibisabwa n'amahame akomeye y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, organotin stabilizers itanga ubushobozi bwo gutunganya ibintu nubwo byaba bigoye.

Ariko, inyungu nyamukuru ni ikiguzi n'uburyo bwo gusiga amavuta. Ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe bya Organotin bihenze inshuro 3 kugeza kuri 5 kurusha sisitemu za Ca/Zn, kandi uburyo bwo gusiga amavuta nabi busaba kuvanga n'isabune y'icyuma kugira ngo byoroshye uburyo bwo gusohora amazi.

•Ibikoresho Bidakora ku Isi Bidasanzwe

Ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe bw'isi, udushya duyobowe n'Abashinwa, byahinduye byinshi ku masoko ya PVC ya Cable yo hagati kugeza ku ya hejuru. Bishingiye kuri lanthanum stearate na cerium citrate, ibi bikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe bikoresha imiterere y'ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe bw'isi kugira ngo bihuze na atome za chlorine mu minyururu ya PVC, bikabuza irekurwa rya HCl no kwinjiza radicals yigenga.

Iyo bivanze na sisitemu ya Ca/Zn cyangwa amavuta ya soya yakuwemo ogisijeni, ubushyuhe bwabyo burushaho kuba bwiza ku kigero kirenga 30%, biruta amasabune asanzwe y'icyuma akoreshwa mu gihe kirekire. Nubwo bihenze cyane kurusha Ca/Zn stabilizers kuva kuri 15 kugeza kuri 20%, bikuraho ingaruka zo kwandura kwa sulfure kandi bigahuza n'intego zo kutagira karuboni. Ibi bituma biba amahitamo meza ku nsinga z'ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa (urugero: ingufu za photovoltaic n'iz'umuyaga) ndetse n'insinga z'imodoka.

Bitewe n’ubwiganze bw’Ubushinwa mu mutungo kamere w’ubutaka n’ishoramari rikomeje mu bushakashatsi no mu iterambere, ibipimo by’ubutaka budashobora guhindagurika biteganijwe ko bizafata 12% by’isoko mpuzamahanga rya PVC Stabilizers ku nsinga n’insinga bitarenze umwaka wa 2025.

Kugereranya Imikorere ya PVC Stabilizers Zisanzwe

Imikorere ya PVC Stabilizers ku nsinga n'insinga igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku miterere ya tekiniki ya Cable PVC, nk'uko bisobanurwa n'amahame mpuzamahanga nka AS/NZS 3808 na IEC 60811. Imbonerahamwe ikurikira igereranya ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikorere y'ubwoko busanzwe bwa stabilizers mu bijyanye no gukingira no gufunga Cable PVC, itanga urugero rwiza ku bakora:

Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko agenga ishyirwaho ry'ibikoresho bihoraho bya PVC

Uretse imikorere y’ibikoresho, kubahiriza amabwiriza ajyanye n’ibidukikije ni ikintu cy’ingenzi ku bakora PVC Stabilizers ku nsinga n’insinga. Ivugurura rya REACH ryo mu 2025 (EU 2025/1731) ryongeyeho ibintu 16 bya CMR (Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, Reprotoxic) ku rutonde rw’ibibujijwe, harimo na dibutyltin oxide—ikunze gukoreshwa mu byuma bitera imbaraga PVC—hamwe n’umupaka wa 0.3%.

Ibi byatumye abakora ibicuruzwa bongera gutekereza ku buryo bakoresha. Ibintu bikomeye bya Ca/Zn bidafite umwuka mwinshi n'ibinyobwa bidafite phenol birimo kwiyongera ku masoko y'i Burayi kugira ngo bihuze n'ibisabwa na VOC n'ubuziranenge bw'umwuka. Ku bashora imari mu mahanga, cyane cyane abaturutse mu Bushinwa, gukoresha uburyo butatu bwo kugenzura "REACH+RoHS+Eco-Design" byabaye ngombwa. Ibi bisaba uburyo bwo gukurikirana ibicuruzwa kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera no gupima abandi kugira ngo barebe ko Cable PVC yujuje ibisabwa.

Dore ibisubizo byihariye ku bibazo bikunze kugaragara mu ikoreshwa rya PVC stabilizers, bifasha kongera ubusugire n'imikorere y'insinga n'insinga.

Q1: Mu gukora insinga n'insinga z'ubwubatsi zikoreshwa muri rusange (icyiciro cy'ingenzi mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi), ibibazo byo kurabya bikunze kubaho mu bikoresho bitera imbaraga bya Ca/Zn. Ni gute wakemura iki kibazo neza kugira ngo umenye neza ko umusaruro uhamye?

A1: Gukura kw'ibice bihuza Ca/Zn bigabanya ubwiza bw'ubuso n'ubudahemuka bw'igihe kirekire bw'insinga n'insinga. Biterwa ahanini n'ingano idakwiye cyangwa ubwumvikane buke n'izindi nyongeramusaruro. Kugira ngo ibi bikemuke kandi hakorwe neza imikorere ihamye y'insinga z'amashanyarazi, ingamba zikurikira zishobora gufatwa: Ubwa mbere, kunoza ingano y'ibice bihuza. Hashingiwe ku ihame nyaryo ry'umusaruro, gabanya ingano mu rwego rwo gukomeza neza (wirinde kurenza inshuro ebyiri ingano y'umunyu wa lead) kugira ngo wirinde ko ibice byinshi birenga kandi bihinduke. Ubwa kabiri, hitamo ibice bihuza Ca/Zn nano-modified. Ibicuruzwa byahinduwe na graphene cyangwa nano-silica bishobora kunoza cyane ubwumvikane na PVC matrices, kugabanya kwimuka kw'ibice bihuza, no kongera ubwizigirwa muri rusange bw'insinga. Icya gatatu, hindura ikigereranyo cya co-stabilizer. Ongera neza polyols cyangwa β-diketones kugira ngo wongere ingaruka zo guhuza hamwe na Ca/Zn stabilizers, buza kwimuka kw'ibice, kandi wongere ubushyuhe. Amaherezo, genzura ibipimo byo gutunganya. Irinde ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane bwo gusohora (byemewe kuba hagati ya 170–180 °C) kandi urebe neza ko ibikoresho bivangwa neza kugira ngo wirinde ko ibintu bitera imbaraga bitera imbere, bishobora gutuma indabyo zikura kandi bigagira ingaruka ku mikorere y'insinga.

Q2: Ku nsinga n'insinga z'ubuvuzi zikora neza cyane (zikoreshwa mu byuma by'amashanyarazi) zisaba gukorera mu mucyo, hakunze gutoranywa ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe bya organotin, ariko ikiguzi cyo gukora ni kinini cyane. Ese hari ubundi buryo buhendutse butuma umuntu yizera?

A2: Ibikoresho bifasha mu gupima Organotin bikundwa cyane ku nsinga n'insinga z'ubuvuzi zibonerana bitewe n'uko zigaragara neza kandi zihamye, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi cyane ku buryo bw'imikorere y'amashanyarazi mu buvuzi. Kugira ngo ikiguzi n'imikorere bingane, hashobora gukoreshwa gahunda zikurikira zihendutse: Ubwa mbere, koresha formula ihuriweho. Mu rwego rwo kwemeza ko habaho ubwisanzure, ubushyuhe buhamye, no guhuza ubuzima (ingenzi mu gukoresha amashanyarazi mu buvuzi), vanga ibikoresho bifasha mu gupima organotin hamwe n'ibipimo bike bya Ca/Zn bifasha mu gupima Ca ku rugero rwiza rwa 7:3 cyangwa 8:2. Ibi bigabanya ikiguzi rusange mu gihe bigumana imikorere y'ingenzi isabwa ku nsinga z'ubuvuzi. Ubwa kabiri, hitamo ibicuruzwa bya organotin bifite isuku nyinshi kandi bitanga umusaruro mwinshi. Nubwo igiciro cyabyo kiri hejuru gato, ingano ikenewe ni nto, bigatuma habaho ibiciro bihendutse kandi birambye ku nsinga z'amashanyarazi. Icya gatatu, kunoza imicungire y'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa. Ganira n'abatanga serivisi kugira ngo baguze ku giciro kinini, cyangwa bafashanye n'ibigo by'ubushakashatsi n'iterambere kugira ngo bateze imbere ibintu bya organotin bihendutse kandi byujuje ibisabwa mu buvuzi. Ni ngombwa gukora ibizamini bikomeye by’imikorere (ubuziranenge, ubushyuhe buhamye, ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibintu) mu gihe cyo gusimbuza cyangwa kuvanga ibikoresho bihamye kugira ngo harebwe ko byujuje ibisabwa mu nsinga z’ubuvuzi kandi bikomeze kuba ingirakamaro mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi.

Q3: Mu gihe cyo gukora insinga n'insinga zikoresha ingufu zisubira (ku bijyanye n'amashanyarazi mashya), ni gute wakwizeza ko ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe mu butaka byatoranijwe byujuje ibisabwa haba mu kutagira karuboni ndetse no mu gihe kirekire kugira ngo bishyigikire imikorere yizewe?

A3: Insinga n'insinga zishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu bidukikije (ubushyuhe bwinshi, ubushuhe bwinshi, imirasire ya ultraviolet), bityo ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe mu butaka bigomba kuringaniza ibidukikije kugira ngo amashanyarazi akomeze kuba meza. Intambwe zikurikira zirasabwa: Ubwa mbere, hitamo ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe mu butaka bidakoresha ibidukikije. Shyira imbere ibicuruzwa bishingiye kuri lanthanum stearate cyangwa cerium citrate biva mu nganda zemewe zifite ibyemezo bireba ibidukikije (urugero, kubahiriza amahame y’ibyuka bya karuboni bya EU). Menya neza ko ibicuruzwa bidafite sulfur kugira ngo wirinde kwanduza sulfure kandi bihuze n'intego zo kurwanya karuboni. Ubwa kabiri, koresha uburyo bwa composite hamwe n'amavuta ya soya ya epoxidized. Igipimo cy'ibice 1:0.5–1:1 gishobora kongera ubushyuhe ku kigero kirenga 30%, kongera imikorere y'ibidukikije, no kongera igihe cy'imikorere y'insinga mu byuma by'amashanyarazi bikoresha ingufu zisubira. Icya gatatu, kora ibizamini bikomeye byo gusaza igihe kirekire. Gabanya ibidukikije bikorerwamo by'insinga zisubira gukoreshwa (ubushyuhe bwinshi, ubushuhe, imirasire ya UV) kugira ngo urebe ko igipimo cyo kugumana imbaraga nyuma yo gusaza kitari munsi ya 80%, byujuje amahame mpuzamahanga nka IEC 60811. Amaherezo, shyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo gukurikirana ibikoresho fatizo. Hitamo ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe bw’ubutaka bikomoka ku bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro n’ibitunganywa bitangiza ibidukikije, urebe neza ko uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa byose byujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo bitangiza ikirere, ariko kandi ugakomeza kugira icyizere cy’insinga.

Q4: Mu gihe cyo kohereza insinga n'insinga za PVC ku isoko ry'i Burayi, ni gute wakwizeza ko ibikoresho bihamye byakoreshejwe byubahiriza itegeko rya REACH ryo mu 2025 (EU 2025/1731) kandi bigakomeza kwizerwa mu mikoreshereze y'amashanyarazi?

A4: Kubahiriza itegeko rya REACH ryo mu 2025 ni ngombwa mu kohereza insinga n'insinga za PVC mu Burayi, kandi bifitanye isano itaziguye n'umutekano n'ubwizerwe bw'insinga mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi bw'i Burayi. Ingamba zikurikira zigomba gufatwa: Ubwa mbere, gukora igenzura ryimbitse ry'imiti igabanya ubushyuhe. Menya neza ko ibikubiye mu bintu 16 bishya bya CMR byongewemo (nka dibutyltin oxide) bitarenze 0.3%. Ni byiza guhitamo ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe bwa Ca/Zn cyangwa ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe bya phenol-free liquid stabilizers byatsinze icyemezo cya REACH, bishobora kugabanya ingaruka zo kubahiriza amategeko. Ubwa kabiri, gushyiraho uburyo bwuzuye bwo gukurikirana uburyo ibicuruzwa bitangwa. Gusaba abatanga serivisi gutanga raporo z'isuzuma ry'ubushyuhe (urugero, gusuzuma ibintu bya CMR) n'ibyemezo by'isoko ry'ibikoresho fatizo kugira ngo buri sano yujuje ibisabwa n'amategeko kandi ishyigikire uburyo insinga z'amashanyarazi zikora. Ubwa gatatu, gukora isuzuma ry'uko ibintu byemewe mbere yo kohereza mu mahanga. Ohereza ibicuruzwa byarangiye ku bigo by'isuzuma byemewe n'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi kugira ngo bipime ibintu bya CMR, imyuka ya VOC, n'ibindi bimenyetso by'ingenzi, urebe ko byubahirizwa neza mbere yo gutangira. Amaherezo, gukurikirana amakuru ajyanye n'amategeko. Gukurikirana ku gihe impinduka zihinduka muri REACH n'andi mabwiriza ajyanye nayo, no guhindura uburyo bwo gushimangira no gucunga imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi vuba kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka mbi ku mategeko no gukomeza gukoresha insinga mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi bw'i Burayi.