Kunoza Imikorere Guhitamo Igitera Imbaragasa Ikwiye ku Muyoboro wa PVC

Munsi y'imihanda y'umujyi, mu mazu yo munsi y'ubutaka, no mu nganda, imiyoboro ya PVC igize inkingi itagaragara y'amazi, imiyoboro y'amazi, n'uburyo bwo gutwara amazi. Iyi miyoboro byitezwe ko izakora neza mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, igakomeza umuvuduko w'ubutaka, ihura n'imiti, ndetse n'ubushyuhe buhindagurika—nyamara kwizera kwayo gushingiye ku kintu kidakunze kugaragara:Igikoresho gishyigikira imiyoboro ya PVCKu bakora, guhitamo umuyoboro uhamye ukwiye ni byinshi cyane kuruta ibisobanuro bya tekiniki; ni umurongo utandukanya imiyoboro ihagarara igihe kirekire n'iyo idakora neza, bigatera amazi ahenze, ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije, ndetse no kwangirika kw'izina. Bitewe n'uko hakenewe guhuzwa neza n'izindi nyongeramusaruro z'imiyoboro ya PVC, guhitamo umuyoboro uhamye bisaba gusobanukirwa neza ibisabwa mu mikorere ndetse n'ibyo umuntu akeneye mu buzima busanzwe. Iyi ngingo igabanya inama rusange zo gusuzuma imiterere y'ingenzi y'imiyoboro ihamye ya PVC n'iby'ingenzi byo gufata icyemezo gikwiye—gukemura ibibazo by'abakora no gutanga ibisubizo bishoboka.

Kuki imiyoboro ya PVC idashobora kubaho idafite ibyuma bitera imbaraga?

Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe uruhare rudasubirwaho rw’ibikoresho bitera imbaraga, tugomba kubanza guhangana n’intege nke za PVC mu miyoboro. Bitandukanye n’ibicuruzwa bya PVC byoroshye, imiyoboro ya PVC yishingikiriza ku nyubako ikomeye kandi idakozwe muri pulasitiki kugira ngo igumane ubuziranenge bw’inyubako mu gihe cy’igitutu—ariko ubu buryo butuma ishobora kwangirika cyane n’ubushyuhe n’ingufu.

Gusohora ni bwo buryo bw'ibanze bwo gukora imiyoboro ya PVC, aho ibikoresho bihura n'ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 160–200°C. Iyo hatabayeho gutuza, ubu bushyuhe butera kurekurwa kwa aside hydrochloric (HCl), bigatera uruhererekane rw'imiyoboro isenya imiterere ya molekile ya polymer. Ingaruka zabyo ni uko imiyoboro igoramye kandi idafite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ingaruka, ihinduka ry'ibara, n'udusimba duto duto dukwirakwira uko igihe kigenda gihita. Ku miyoboro itwara amazi meza, imiti, cyangwa amazi mabi, uku kwangirika si ikibazo cy'ubwiza gusa—ni ikibazo cy'umutekano.

Ibikoresho bikomeza imiyoboro ya PVC bikora nk'uruzitiro rwo kwirinda: bigabanya HCl kandi bikabuza kwangirika mu gihe cyo kuyikora no mu gihe cyose umuyoboro ukoreshwa, bikarinda imiterere yayo n'imiti yayo kudahungabana. Muri make, ibikomeza imiyoboro ni byo birinda kwangirika kw'ibikoresho biganisha ku gutakaza umusaruro no kunanirwa gukora.

Ibisabwa by'ingenzi ku bikoresho byo kubungabunga imiyoboro ya PVC by'ubuziranenge

• Gukomera ku bushyuhe: Ihanganira ubushyuhe burambye, Irinde gutsindwa imburagihe

Gutuza ubushyuhe ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi gisabwa kuri buri muyoboro wa PVC utuma ibintu bihora bihindagurika—ariko si igipimo cy'icyiciro kimwe. Bisaba uburinzi burambye mu gihe cyose cyo gutunganya no hanze yabyo.

Gusohora imiyoboro ya PVC bisaba igihe kirekire uhura n'ubushyuhe n'imbaraga zo gukata, kuva ku kongeramo resin kugeza ku gusohora imiyoboro.itera imbaraga zo kubungabunga ibintu mu buryo bwo hejuruigomba kugabanya HCl igihe cyose imaze kubaho, igahagarika uburyo bwo kwangirika mbere yuko ibangamira matrix ya polymer. Ibi akenshi bisaba uruvange rw’ibintu bitera imbaraga mbere—byibanda ku gushakisha HCl—n’ibindi bitera imbaraga nyuma, bigamije kwibasira radicals libre kugira ngo bigabanye kwangirika kwa oxidative.

Igitandukanya imiyoboro yihariye ni uko ikenera ubushyuhe burambye. Imiyoboro ya PVC—cyane cyane iyo ikoreshwa hanze cyangwa mu nganda—ishobora kuba ihura n’ubushyuhe bwinshi mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi. Umuyoboro uhoraho ukora neza mu gihe gito cyo gusohora ariko ukananirwa mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bw’igihe kirekire bizatuma imiyoboro ipfa itarakora neza. Urugero, umuyoboro w’amazi udahagaze neza ushobora kwangirika nyuma y’izuba rike rimaze igihe gito, kuko ubushyuhe bwihutisha kwangirika kwa polymer.

• Ubudahangarwa bw'imiti: Rinda imiyoboro kandi urebe neza ko ihuye

Ubudahangarwa bw'imiti ni ikindi kintu kidasubirwaho. Imiyoboro ya PVC itwara ibintu byinshi by'amazi—kuva ku mazi meza n'imyanda kugeza ku bintu by'inganda nka aside, alkali, n'ibintu bishongesha. Iki gikoresho cyo kubungabunga ibidukikije ntikigomba kurwanya gusa ibi bintu by'imiti ubwabyo ahubwo kigomba no kurinda ubudahangarwa bw'imiyoboro.

Iyo icyuma gitera amazi ahindagurika gihuye n'amazi atwarwa, gishobora gusohora ibintu byangiza—bikabangamira umutekano w'amazi—cyangwa kikangirika burundu, bigatuma umuyoboro udakingirwa. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane ku mazi yo kunywa, aho ibikoresho bitera amazi ahindagurika bigomba kubahiriza amahame akomeye yo kudahumanya no gusohora amazi. Ikindi kandi, icyuma gitera amazi ahindagurika kigomba gukorana neza n'ibindi bikoresho byongera amazi mu miyoboro ya PVC, nk'ibikoresho bihindura ingaruka, amavuta, n'ibikoresho byo kuzuza amazi, byose byongera imikorere muri rusange. Kudahuza bishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imiti kandi bigatera kwangirika vuba. Urugero, bimwe mu bikoresho bishobora gukorana n'ibikoresho bitera amazi ahindagurika, bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo gukurura HCl kandi bigatuma umuyoboro ushobora kwibasirwa n'ibiyobyabwenge.

• Kuramba mu gihe kirekire: Gutera imbere mu bihe bitandukanye by'ibidukikije

Kuramba igihe kirekire mu bidukikije bitandukanye ni byo bitandukanya ibintu bitera imbaraga mu buryo bwiza n'ibindi bikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe. Imiyoboro ya PVC ihura n'ibintu byinshi bibangamira ibidukikije: kwangirika k'ubutaka ku miyoboro yo munsi y'ubutaka, imirasire ya UV ku miyoboro yo hanze yo hejuru y'ubutaka, hamwe n'ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe muri ibyo bice byombi.

Guhagarara neza kw'imirasire ya UV ni ingenzi cyane muri ibi bisabwa. Kubona imirasire y'izuba igihe kirekire bigabanya PVC, bigatera ingwa, ibara rihinduka, ndetse no gutakaza imbaraga za mekanike. Imiterere myiza y'imitako ikunze kuba irimo imirasire ya UV cyangwa imirasire ya amine ibuza imirasire ya UV (HALS) kugira ngo ihagarike imirasire ya UV yangiza kandi yongere igihe cyo gukora hanze. Ku miyoboro yo munsi y'ubutaka, imirasire igomba kurwanya imiti n'ubushuhe bituruka mu butaka, bishobora kwinjira mu muyoboro no kwihutisha kwangirika. Inshingano z'imitako si ukurinda gusa mu gihe cyo gutunganya ahubwo ni no kubungabunga imiterere y'inyubako mu gihe cy'imyaka 50 cyangwa irenga—igahura n'ibyo imishinga y'ibikorwa remezo yiteze mu gihe kirekire.

• Gutunganya neza ikorwa ry'ibikoresho: Kongera ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu neza

Gutunganya neza uburyo bwo gutunganya ibintu ni ikintu gikenewe mu buryo bufatika kandi bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku mikorere myiza y’inganda. Gusohora imiyoboro ya PVC bisaba ko amazi ashonga neza kugira ngo inkuta zirusheho kuba nziza, imbere habeho ubugari bungana, kandi habeho ubwiza bungana—byose ni ingenzi cyane ku mikorere y’imiyoboro (urugero, kudahangana n’umuvuduko).

Igikoresho gikwiye cyo gupima amazi kigomba kongera urujya n'uruza rw'amazi gishongesha nta kwangiza imiterere ikomeye y'umuyoboro. Iyo gikoresho gipima amazi gishongesha amazi cyane, gishobora gutera gusohora amazi mu buryo butaringaniye, kuzura amazi mu buryo butuzuye, cyangwa gukoresha ingufu nyinshi. Ku rundi ruhande, kugabanya amazi mu buryo bukabije bishobora gutera kutumvikana cyangwa ahantu hadakomeye mu rukuta rw'umuyoboro. Ibikoresho byinshi bigezweho byo gupima amazi bikozwe mu buryo bwo gusiga amavuta kugira ngo bigere kuri ubu buringanire, bigabanye ukutumvikana hagati y'ibikoresho bya PVC bishongesha amazi n'ibishongesha amazi mu gihe bireba ko amazi agenda neza. Guhuza n'ibindi bikoresho (nk'ibikoresho bifasha mu gutunganya amazi) ni ngombwa: igikoresho gipima amazi mu buryo butunguranye gishobora kwangiza inyungu z'ibindi bikoresho, bigatera gutinda gukora no gukoresha imiyoboro ifite inenge.

• Guhuza no guhuza: Irinde ihindagurika ry'itsinda ry'abantu

Guhuza no guhuza n'izindi nyongeramusaruro za PVC ni ibintu bifasha mu guhitamo imiyoboro ihamye. Umusaruro munini w'imiyoboro ya PVC ushingira ku buryo ikoreshwa mu buryo bumwe kugira ngo ihuze n'amahame y'ubuziranenge—ndetse n'impinduka nto mu mikorere ihamye zishobora gutera impinduka mu mabara, ubugari bw'urukuta budahindagurika, cyangwa imiterere ihindagurika ya mekanike. Umuyoboro wizewe ugomba kugira imiterere ihamye ya shimi n'imikorere ihamye, bigatuma buri muyoboro ukora kimwe.

Guhuza n'ibindi bikoresho byongewemo ni ingenzi cyane. Imiterere y'imiyoboro ya PVC isanzwe irimo karubone karubone (nk'umunyururu), imihindukire y'ingaruka (yo kongera ubukana), n'ibifasha mu gutunganya (kugira ngo inoze uburyo bwo gusohora). Kudahuza bishobora gutera gutandukana kw'ibyiciro, kugabanuka k'ubushobozi bwo gushimangira, cyangwa inenge zo hejuru nko gufunga cyangwa gufunga. Urugero, bimwe mu bikoresho byo gushimangira ingaruka bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bintu bimwe na bimwe byo gushimangira, bigagabanya ubudahangarwa bw'umuyoboro n'ubushyuhe. Umuhindukire wakozwe neza ugomba guhuzwa neza n'ibikoresho byose byongewemo, bikongera imikorere rusange y'imiterere.

• Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko agenga ibidukikije n'amategeko agenga ibidukikije: Iyubahirizwa ry'amahame mpuzamahanga

Iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko agenga ibidukikije n’ibidukikije ryabaye itegeko rikomeye mu guhitamo ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe. Ibintu bisanzwe bigabanya ubushyuhe, nk’ibikomoka kuri lisansi, byakuweho ku isi yose bitewe n’ingaruka z’uburozi ndetse n’ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije. Inganda zo muri iki gihe zigomba gukoresha ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe byujuje amabwiriza akaze—harimo REACH ya EU, amahame ya US EPA, n’amabwiriza agenga umutekano w’amazi meza yo mu gace ziherereyemo.

Iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko agenga ibidukikije n’ibidukikije ryabaye ikintu cy’ingenzi mu guhitamo imiti igabanya ubushyuhe. Imiti isanzwe igabanya ubushyuhe, nk’imiti ishingiye kuri lisansi, yakuweho ku isi yose bitewe n’ingaruka z’uburozi ndetse n’ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije. Inganda zo muri iki gihe zigomba gukoresha imiti igabanya ubushyuhe yujuje amabwiriza akaze, harimo REACH ya EU, amahame ya US EPA, n’amabwiriza yo mu gace zikoreramo yo kubungabunga amazi meza.Ibitera imbaraga mu gukamura calcium-zinc (Ca-Zn)Byagaragaye nk'amahame ngenderwaho mu nganda mu gukora imiyoboro ya PVC yujuje ibisabwa, bitanga uburinzi budahumanya kandi bushobora kongera gukoreshwa buhuye n'ibisabwa ku mutekano ku isi. Ibyo bivuzwe,Ibitera imbaraga bya Ca-Znbisaba uburyo bwitondewe bwo gukora kugira ngo buhuze n'ubushyuhe n'ubutabire nk'ubundi buryo gakondo, cyane cyane ku miyoboro ikora neza. Amabwiriza agenga ibintu akenshi agera no ku bindi bikoresho, bityo igikoresho gitera imbaraga ntikigomba kubahiriza gusa ahubwo kigomba no kwemeza ko uburyo bwose bwo gukora buhuye n'ibipimo ngenderwaho by'ibidukikije n'umutekano. Ku bakora, kubahiriza amategeko ni ibirenze inshingano zemewe n'amategeko gusa—ni ibyo isoko ryiteze, kuko imishinga y'ibikorwa remezo n'abaguzi barushaho gushyira imbere ibikoresho birambye kandi bitarimo uburozi.

▼Imbonerahamwe yo kugereranya imiyoboro ya PVC isanzwe n'iya none

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

1. Imiyoboro yacu ikunze kwangirika nyuma yo kuyikoresha igihe gito hanze—ni iyihe gisubizo?

Iki kibazo gishobora guterwa no kudahagarara neza kwa UV muri stabilizer yawe iriho ubu. Hitamo uburyo bwo gukoreshaIterambere rya Ca-Znbyakozwe hakoreshejwe imiyoboro ya UV cyangwa imiyoboro ya amine ibuza urumuri (HALS) kugira ngo bizibire imirasire y'izuba yangiza. Muri icyo gihe, menya neza ko imiyoboro ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ubushyuhe igihe kirekire kugira ngo irwanye ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe, rishobora kongera gucika uko igihe kigenda gihita.

2. Ni gute twakwirinda ibibazo byo guhuza ibintu hagati y’ibitera imbaraga n’ibindi bitera imbaraga?

Shyira imbere ibikoresho bihamye byapimwe neza kugira ngo birebe niba bihuye n'ibikoresho byawe bisanzwe (urugero, ibikoresho bitegura calcium carbonate, ibikoresho bihindura ingaruka). Korana n'abatanga ibikoresho kugira ngo ukore igerageza mbere yo gukora, urebe niba nta gice cyo gutandukanya, inenge zo hejuru, cyangwa niba nta musaruro wagabanutse. Ibikoresho bihamye bya Ca-Zn muri rusange bihuye neza n'ibindi bikoresho bigezweho kuruta ibindi bisanzwe.

3. Dukora imiyoboro y'amazi yo kunywa—ni ibihe bipimo by'ingenzi bigomba kuba byujuje?

Imashini yawe igabanya ubushyuhe igomba kubahiriza amabwiriza yo mu gace utuyemo yo kubungabunga amazi meza (urugero, amahame ya FDA muri Amerika, amabwiriza y’amazi yo kunywa y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi) n’amategeko mpuzamahanga nka REACH. Imashini zigabanya ubushyuhe za Calcium-zinc ni zo zikoreshwa cyane hano, kuko zitangiza uburozi kandi zujuje ibisabwa bikomeye byoroshye gusohoka. Irinde ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe bifite ibyuma biremereye cyangwa ibintu bitemewe.

4. Guhitamo ibintu bitanga umutuzo bigira ingaruka zite ku mikorere myiza y'inganda?

Imashini ihamye neza igabanya ubushyuhe bw'amazi mu gushonga, ikagabanya ubushyuhe bw'amazi mu buryo butaringaniye, ibibazo byo kuzura amazi mu buryo butunguranye, ndetse n'ingufu ziseswa. Shaka ibikoresho bihamye bifite amavuta avanze—bigabanya ubushyuhe hagati y'imashini ishonga ya PVC n'ibikoresho, bikihutisha umusaruro kandi bikagabanya imiyoboro ifite inenge. Irinde ibikoresho bihamye bihindura cyane ubushyuhe bw'amazi mu gushonga, kuko bishobora kubangamira inzira yawe yo gusohora amazi mu buryo busanzwe.

5. Ese birakwiye guhindura uva ku bintu bisanzwe bitera imbaraga ukajya kuri Ca-Zn?

Yego—ibipimo gakondo byo gushimangira imiterere y’ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa mu buryo bwa lisansi birabujijwe mu turere twinshi, bityo guhinduranya ni ngombwa mu mategeko. Uretse kubahiriza amategeko, ibipimo byo gushimangira calcium-zinc bitanga uburyo bwo kuramba neza mu gihe kirekire, guhuza n’ibindi bigezweho, ndetse n’inyungu zo kurambye. Nubwo bishobora gusaba impinduka nto mu miterere kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu buryo bwiza, ishoramari ritanga umusaruro mu kugabanuka kw’ibihombo, kugabanuka kw’ibicuruzwa bisigaye, no kwemerwa cyane ku isoko.