Ibyuma bitera imbaraga mu gutunganya amasabune ya PVC mu buryo bufatika n'uruhare rwabyo

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) irazwiho ubuhanga bwayo mu gukora ibintu bitandukanye, gukoresha neza amafaranga, no kwihuza n'ibindi bintu byinshi—kuva ku bikoresho by'ubwubatsi kugeza ku bikoresho by'ubuvuzi n'ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa. Nyamara, ibi bikoresho bikoreshwa cyane bifite intege nke zikomeye: kudahindagurika k'ubushyuhe. Iyo bihuye n'ubushyuhe bwinshi (160–200°C) bukenewe mu gusohora, gushingwa inshinge, cyangwa gukaraba, PVC inyura mu nzira yo gusenya chlorine. Iyi reaction isohora aside hydrochloric (HCl), catalyst itera imikorere yikomeza, bigatera kwangirika kw'ibintu birangwa no guhinduka ibara, gucika intege, no gutakaza imbaraga za mekanike. Kugira ngo tugabanye iki kibazo kandi dufungure ubushobozi bwose bwa PVC, ibintu bikomeza ubushyuhe ni inyongeramusaruro zidasubirwamo. Muri ibyo, Metal Soap Stabilizers zigaragara nk'igisubizo cy'ingenzi, gihabwa agaciro kubera ubushobozi bwazo, guhuza kwazo, no gukoresha neza. Muri iyi blog, tuzareba uruhare n'uburyo Metal Soap Stabilizers zitunganya PVC, tugaragaze ingero z'ingenzi nka Zinc stearate PVC formulations, kandi tugenzure ikoreshwa ryazo mu buzima busanzwe mu nganda zitandukanye.

Ubwa mbere, reka dusobanure icyoIbikoresho Bidahungabanya Isabune by'Icyumani. Mu mizi yazo, izi fatizo ni imvange y'icyuma ikomoka ku bimera bikomoka ku byuma bito (nka aside stearic, lauric, cyangwa oleic) hamwe na oxyde z'icyuma cyangwa hydroxide. "Isabune" zikomokaho zigaragaza cation y'icyuma - akenshi ikomoka mu matsinda ya 2 (ibyuma by'ubutaka bya alkaline nka kalisiyumu, barium, cyangwa manyeziyumu) ​​cyangwa 12 (zinc, cadmium) bya periodic table - ifatanye na anion y'aside fatty acid ifite uruhererekane rurerure. Iyi miterere yihariye y'ibinyabutabire ni yo ituma igira uruhare runini mu gutuza PVC: gukuramo HCl no gusimbuza atome za chlorine zisanzwe mu ruhererekane rwa polymer rwa PVC. Bitandukanye na fatizo zitagira organic, Metal Soap Stabilizers ni lipophilic, bivuze ko zivanga neza na PVC n'ibindi bikoresho by'umwimerere (nk'ibyuma bitanga plasticizers), bikerekana ko imikorere yazo ihuye mu bikoresho byose. Ihuye na formulaire za PVC zikomeye kandi zoroshye zikomeza urwego rwazo nk'amahitamo y'inganda.

Uburyo ikoreshwa rya Metal Saap Stabilizers ni inzira ihambaye kandi igizwe n'intambwe nyinshi, ikaba igamije impamvu nyamukuru zo kwangirika kwa PVC. Kugira ngo tubisobanukirwe, tugomba kubanza gusubiramo impamvu PVC yangirika mu bushyuhe. Uruhererekane rwa molekile rwa PVC rurimo "ubusembwa" - atome za chlorine zifatanye na atome za karuboni za gatatu cyangwa zegeranye n'uduhuri duto. Izi nenge ni zo zitangiriraho gukuraho hydrochlorination iyo ishyushye. Uko HCl irekurwa, itera imbaraga gukuraho molekile nyinshi za HCl, igakora uduhuri duto duto dufatanye ku munyururu wa polymer. Izi nenge ebyiri zifata urumuri, bigatuma ibintu bihinduka umuhondo, umuhondo, cyangwa ndetse n'umukara, mu gihe imiterere y'umunyururu yangiritse igabanya imbaraga zo gukurura no koroha.

 

 

Ibyuma bitera imbaraga mu isabune by’icyuma byinjira muri iki gikorwa mu buryo bubiri bw’ingenzi. Ubwa mbere, bikora nk’ibikuraho HCl (byitwa kandi kwakira aside). Ifu y’icyuma mu isabune ihura na HCl kugira ngo ikore chloride y’icyuma ihamye na aside irike. Urugero, muri sisitemu ya PVC ya Zinc stearate, zinc stearate ihura na HCl kugira ngo ikore chloride ya zinc na aside stearic. Mu kugabanya HCl, ihagarika uburyo bwo kwihutisha ibikorwa bya autocatalytic chain, bikarinda ko byangirika kurushaho. Icya kabiri, ibyuma byinshi bitera imbaraga mu isabune by’icyuma—cyane cyane birimo zinc cyangwa cadmium—bihura n’uburyo bwo gusimbuza, bisimbura atome za chlorine zisanzwe mu muyoboro wa PVC hamwe na aside irike. Ibi birema isano ihamye ya ester, bikuraho inenge itangira kwangirika no kubungabunga imiterere ya polymer. Iki gikorwa kibiri—gukuramo aside no gufunga ibisebe—bituma Ibyuma bitera imbaraga mu isabune by’icyuma bigira ingaruka nziza haba mu gukumira ihinduka ry’ibara ry’ibanze no kubungabunga ubushyuhe bw’igihe kirekire.

Ni ngombwa kumenya ko nta kintu na kimwe gitera imbaraga mu isabune y'icyuma gikoreshwa mu buryo bwose. Ahubwo, abakora imashini bakoresha imvange y'isabune zitandukanye z'icyuma kugira ngo barusheho gukora neza. Urugero, isabune zikozwe muri zinc (nk'Stearate ya zinki) ikora neza mu kubika amabara hakiri kare, igakora vuba ku mfuruka ya atome za chlorine kandi ikarinda umuhondo. Ariko, zinc chloride—umusaruro w’ibikorwa byazo byo gukuraho aside—ni aside ya Lewis yoroshye ishobora kwangiza ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa igihe kirekire cyo kuyitunganya (ikintu kizwi nka "zinc burn"). Kugira ngo ibi bihagarare, amasabune ya zinc akunze kuvangwa n’amasabune ya calcium cyangwa barium. Amasabune ya calcium na barium ntabwo agira akamaro gake mu kubika amabara hakiri kare ariko ni meza cyane mu gukuraho HCl, agabanya zinc chloride n’ibindi bikomoka kuri aside. Ubu buryo butuma habaho uburyo buringaniye: zinc ituma ibara ry’ibanze riba ryiza, mu gihe calcium/barium itanga ubushyuhe burambye. Urugero, zinc stearate PVC formulations, akenshi ikubiyemo calcium stearate kugira ngo igabanye gutwika zinc no kwagura idirishya ryo gutunganya ibikoresho.

Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza ubwinshi bw'ibikoresho bitera imbaraga mu isabune y'icyuma n'uburyo bikoreshwa, reka turebe ubwoko busanzwe, imiterere yabyo, n'uburyo busanzwe bukoreshwa mu gutunganya PVC. Imbonerahamwe iri hepfo igaragaza ingero z'ingenzi, harimo na Zinc stearate, n'uruhare rwabyo muri PVC ikomeye kandi yoroshye:

 

 

Nk’uko imbonerahamwe ibigaragaza, Zinc stearate PVC ikoreshwa ikubiyemo imiterere ikomeye n’iyoroshye, bitewe n’uburyo ikora neza kandi ifite ibara rikomeye mbere y’igihe. Urugero, muri PVC firime yoroshye yo gupakira ibiryo, Zinc stearate ivangwa na calcium stearate kugira ngo firime ikomeze kuba nziza kandi ihamye mu gihe cyo kuyisohora, mu gihe yujuje amabwiriza agenga umutekano w’ibiryo. Mu miterere y’amadirishya ya PVC ikomeye, Zinc stearate ifasha kugumana ibara ryera ry’urumuri, ndetse no mu gihe itunganywa ku bushyuhe bwinshi, kandi ikorana na barium stearate kugira ngo irinde imihindagurikire y’ibihe igihe kirekire.

 

 

Reka twirebere mu buryo bwihariye bwo gukoresha kugira ngo tugaragaze uburyo Metal Saap Stabilizers, harimo na Zinc stearate, ituma ibintu bihinduka mu buryo bufatika mu bicuruzwa bya PVC. Duhereye kuri PVC ikomeye: imiyoboro n'ibikoresho biri mu bicuruzwa bikomeye bya PVC, kandi bisaba ibintu bihoraho bishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi no gutanga igihe kirekire mu bidukikije bikomeye (urugero, munsi y'ubutaka, guhura n'amazi). Sisitemu isanzwe yo kubungabunga imiyoboro ya PVC irimo uruvange rwa calcium stearate (isukari ya aside isanzwe), Zinc stearate (ifata ibara rya mbere), na barium stearate (ubushyuhe bw'igihe kirekire). Ubu ruvange butuma imiyoboro idahinduka ibara mu gihe cyo kuyisohora, igakomeza kuba myiza mu gihe cy'igitutu, kandi ikarwanya kwangirika kw'ubushuhe bw'ubutaka n'ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe. Hatabayeho ubu buryo bwo kubungabunga imiyoboro, imiyoboro ya PVC yacika intege kandi igacika uko igihe kigenda gihita, inanirwa kuzuza amahame y'inganda mu bijyanye n'umutekano no kuramba.

Uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha PVC, bushingiye ku bikoresho bya pulasitiki kugira ngo bigere ku guhindagurika, butanga imbogamizi zidasanzwe ku bikoresho bihoraho—bigomba kuba bihuye n’ibikoresho bya pulasitiki kandi ntibijye ku buso bw’ibicuruzwa. Zinc stearate irakomeye hano, kuko urunigi rwayo rwa aside irike ruhuza n’ibikoresho bisanzwe bya pulasitiki nka dioctyl phthalate (DOP) na diisononyl phthalate (DINP). Urugero, mu bijyanye no gukingira insinga za PVC, uruvange rwa Zinc stearate na calcium stearate bituma insinga ziguma zoroshye, zirwanya kwangirika k’ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo gusohora, kandi zigakomeza kugira ubushobozi bwo gukingira amashanyarazi uko igihe kigenda gihita. Ibi ni ingenzi ku nsinga zikoreshwa mu nganda cyangwa mu nyubako, aho ubushyuhe bwinshi (buturutse ku muyaga w’amashanyarazi cyangwa ikirere) bwashoboraga kwangiza PVC, bigatera ingaruka z’inkongi cyangwa inkongi. Indi porogaramu ikomeye ya PVC yoroshye ni hasi—pasi ya vinyl ikoresha Metal Soap Stabilizers kugira ngo igumane ibara ryayo, ihindagurika, kandi idashira. Zinc stearate, cyane cyane, ifasha mu gukumira umuhondo w’ubutaka bw’amabara yoroheje, igakomeza ubwiza bwayo mu myaka myinshi.

PVC yo kwa muganga ni ikindi gice aho Metal Saap Stabilizers igira uruhare runini, ifite ibisabwa bikomeye kugira ngo idahumanya kandi ihuze n'ibinyabuzima. Aha, sisitemu zo gushimangira akenshi zishingiye ku isabune ya kalisiyumu na zinki (harimo na Zinc stearate) bitewe n'uburozi buke bwazo, zisimbura izishaje kandi zangiza nka lead cyangwa cadmium. Imiyoboro ya PVC yo kwa muganga (ikoreshwa mu miyoboro ya IV, catheters, n'ibikoresho bya dialysis) isaba imiyoboro idashyira mu mazi kandi ishobora kwihanganira gusukura umwuka. Zinc stearate, ivanze na magnesium stearate, itanga ubushyuhe buhagije mu gihe cyo gutunganya no gusukura, mu gihe igenzura ko imiyoboro ikomeza kuba myiza kandi isobanutse. Uku guhuza kwujuje ibisabwa n'inzego zishinzwe kugenzura nka FDA na EU's REACH, bigatuma iba amahitamo yizewe yo gukoreshwa mu buvuzi.

Mu guhitamo sisitemu ya Metal Saap Stabilizer yo gutunganya PVC, abakora bagomba gusuzuma ibintu byinshi by'ingenzi. Ubwa mbere, ubwoko bwa PVC (bukomeye ugereranyije n'ubworoshye) bugena uburyo stabilizer ihura n'ibikoresho bya pulasitiki—formulaires zoroshye zisaba ibintu bihamye nka Zinc stearate bivanga neza na plasticizers, mu gihe formulaires zikomeye zishobora gukoresha ubwoko bwinshi bw'amasabune y'icyuma. Icya kabiri, imiterere yo gutunganya (ubushyuhe, igihe cyo gutura) igira ingaruka ku mikorere ya stabilizer: inzira z'ubushyuhe bwinshi (urugero, gusohora imiyoboro minini) zisaba ibintu bihamye bifite ubushyuhe burambye, nk'ibivanze bya barium stearate. Icya gatatu, ibisabwa ku musaruro wa nyuma (ibara, uburozi, kwihanganira ikirere) ni ingenzi cyane—ikoreshwa ry'ibiribwa cyangwa ubuvuzi risaba ibintu bihamye bitari uburozi (calcium/zinc blends), mu gihe ikoreshwa hanze rikenera ibintu bihamye birwanya kwangirika kwa UV (akenshi bivanze n'ibifunga bya UV). Amaherezo, ikiguzi ni icyo kwitabwaho: calcium stearate ni amahitamo ahendutse cyane, mu gihe isabune za zinc na barium zihenze gato ariko zitanga umusaruro mwiza mu bice runaka.

Mu kureba imbere, ahazaza ha Metal Saap Stabilizers mu gutunganya PVC hashingiye ku bintu bibiri by'ingenzi: kuramba no gukandamizwa n'amategeko. Guverinoma ku isi yose ziri guhashya ibintu bitera uburozi (nk'uburozi bw'ibinyabutabire na cadmium), bituma hakenerwa ubundi buryo butari uburozi nka calcium-zinc blends, harimo na Zinc stearate PVC formulations. Byongeye kandi, gushishikariza abakora plastiki gukomeza gukora Metal Saap Stabilizers zishingiye ku binyabuzima—urugero, aside stearic ikomoka ku bintu bishobora kongera gukoreshwa nka palm oil cyangwa soya oil—bigabanya karuboni mu musaruro wa PVC. Udushya mu ikoranabuhanga rituma ibintu bitera ubuziranenge twibanda ku kunoza imikorere: uruvange rushya rw'amasabune y'icyuma hamwe na co-stabilizers (nk'ibinyabutabire bya epoxy cyangwa phosphites) rurimo kongera ubushyuhe, kugabanya kwimuka kwa PVC, no kongera igihe cyo gukora ibicuruzwa bya nyuma.

Ibyuma bitera imbaraga mu gutunganya PVC, bikemura ikibazo cy’ubushyuhe bukabije bwa polymer binyuze mu nshingano zabyo ebyiri nk’ibicukura HCl n’ibice bifunga. Uburyo bikoresha imbaraga nyinshi—kuva ku miyoboro ikomeye ya PVC kugeza ku gufunga insinga no gukoresha imiyoboro y’ubuvuzi—bituruka ku kuba bihuye na PVC n’ibindi bikoresho, ndetse no ku bushobozi bwo guhinduranya imvange ku bikorwa byihariye. Zinc stearate, by’umwihariko, igaragara nk’ingenzi muri izi sisitemu, itanga uburyo bwiza bwo kubika amabara mbere y’igihe no guhuza neza n’imvange ikomeye kandi yoroshye. Mu gihe inganda za PVC zikomeje gushyira imbere uburambe n’umutekano, Metal Soap Stabilizers (cyane cyane imvange idahumanya ya calcium-zinc) izakomeza kuba ku isonga, bigatuma habaho gukora ibicuruzwa bya PVC byiza kandi biramba bihuye n’ibyo inganda n’amabwiriza agezweho zisaba. Gusobanukirwa uburyo bikoresha n’ibyo bisabwa byihariye ni ingenzi ku bakora bashaka gufungura ubushobozi bwose bwa PVC mu gihe bagenzura ko ibicuruzwa bikora neza kandi bikurikiza amategeko.